Injectionlocked oscillators ilos are investigated in a new theoretical approach. Analysis and design of superharmonic injectionlocked. A study of injection pulling and locking in oscillators. Injection locked gunn diode oscillators phase locked oscillators. Shil general enough to treat any kind of nonlinearity in lc oscillators. Dividebyoddnumber injectionlocked frequency dividers. Superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low power frequency dividers. Injection locking is also known as frequency entrainment or synchronization. Analysis and design of wideband injectionlocked ring. The former is used to lock the oscillators in frequency and phase with the incoming signal, whereas the later is used to generate an amplitude interference pattern.
To improve the injection efficiency and the locking range for superharmonic frequency division, a multiple injection technique is proposed. We show that by depicting the voltage transfer characteristics of comparators using hyperbolic tangent functions, nonharmonic oscillators can be analysed analytically using a set of volterra circuits that are linear, have the same topology and element values but different inputs. Superharmonic injection locking of a ncstvo may open up possibilities for devices such as nanoscale frequency dividers, while differences in the core trajectory may allow mutual synchronisation to be achieved in multioscillator networks by tuning the spatial character of the dynamics within shared magnetic layers. The beauty of this technique is that it can be used to easily generate analogue frequency division at any frequency at which an amplifier can be designed. The intrinsic relations among the lock range of harmonic oscillators in firstharmonic, superharmonic, and subharmonic injection locking are explored. Low power frequency dividers are designed using injection locked oscillators.
Injection pulling and locking can occur in any oscillatory system, includinglasers, electrical oscillators, and mechanical and biological machines. Allen center for integrated systems department of electrical engineering. Superharmonic injection locking of nanocontact spintorque. Request pdf analysis and design of superharmonic injectionlocked multipath ring oscillators frequency dividers can be modeled as superharmonic injectionlocked oscillators. Finally, the phase noise of injection locked harmonic oscillators is studied. A singleended injection locked frequency divider silfd is designed in a 0. Superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers citeseerx. The divider, which has a division factor of four, can be used as a quadrature generator in a phase switching prescaler considerably lowering the prescaler total power. The large frequency tunability of the stvo with respect to f 0 allowed the. Understanding the transient behavior of injection locked lc. A wideband injection locking scheme and quadrature phase.
Injection locking theory after injection locking, vinj introduces a simple phaseshift in the oscillator loop. Ftl resolves the race condition existing in injection locked plls by decoupling frequency tuning from the injection path, such that the phaselocking condition is only determined by the injection path. Apr 15, 2016 superharmonic injection locking of a ncstvo may open up possibilities for devices such as nanoscale frequency dividers, while differences in the core trajectory may allow mutual synchronisation to be achieved in multioscillator networks by tuning the spatial character of the dynamics within shared magnetic layers. Pdf this paper proposes a new current starved ring oscillator based on current mode injection locked frequency multiplier ilfm. But, too high phase noise, needs to be locked to reference signal.
Frequency locking was observed up to the fourth harmonic of the stvo fundamental frequency f 0 in. Phase noise characterization of subharmonic injection. The technique has particularly advantages at mmwave frequencies where. A subharmonic injectionlocked selfoscillating mixer. Lowpower frequency dividers are designed using injection locked oscillators with cascode transistors. In particular, adlers analysis predicted that the locking range i. A simple phase shifting technique for an injection locked.
Mmwave super harmonic injection locked frequency dividers. Model 1 adler injection locked oscillators track the phase and frequency of an impressed signal. Request pdf analysis and design of superharmonic injectionlocked multipath ring oscillators frequency dividers can be modeled as superharmonic injection locked oscillators. In other words, an injection locked oscillator has an average oscillation frequency of. Next 10 superharmonic injection locked frequency dividers by h r rategh, t h lee. In the first case, the injected frequency is the same as the output frequency, while in the other two the injected frequency is a. For example, humans left in isolated bunkers reveal a freerunning sleepwake period of about 25 hours 2, but, when brought back to nature, they are injection locked to the earths cycle. Index termsfrequency tripler, injectionlocked oscillators. Pdf low power current starved subharmonic injection locked. The phase noise performance of sub or superharmonic injection locked oscillators is also better compared with freerunning ones. Injection locked gunn diode oscillators oscillator outline. Index terms injection locked oscillator, injection locked phase locked loop, locking range, quadrature, jitter transfer function, voltagecontrolled oscillator vco.
Understanding injection locking in negativeresistance lc. A new model for injection locked oscillators is developed which. The phase locked oscillators are offered with either internal or external referenced version. In subharmonically injection locked oscillators, the frequency of injection signal is 1 n. Abstract subharmonic injection locking shil is an interesting phenomenon in. Design insights are provided by using a combination of analytical simplifications and graphical interpretation. A study of locking phenomena in oscillators 1946 citeseerx. We experimentally investigate the optical and rf characteristics of optically injectionlocked optoelectronic oscillators.
Application of subharmonic injection locking of lc. Superharmonic injection locking of single nanocontact nc spintorque vortex oscillators. Cmos injection locked oscillators for quadrature generation. As the injection is increased, it begins to pull the oscillator. For that reason, these components are also known as injection locked frequency dividers ilfds 12. Superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low power. The inserted phaseshift in the loop shifts the oscillation frequency from w 0 to w inj. Lcoscillator type 2 ringoscillator type 3 verma jssc 2003, rategh jssc 1999 lo cicc 2009 25. Stvos subject to a small microwave current has been explored. Superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers abstract. Superharmonic injection locked oscillators are designed as very high frequency and low power frequency dividers. Betancourtzamora stanford microwave integrated circuits laboratory paul g. Design and analysis of cmos subharmonic injectionlocked.
Electrical oscillators also influence each other, and even the generation of a laser beam can be injection locked to an accurate reference laser. Cmos injection locked oscillators for quadrature generation at radiofrequency. The third group, injectionlocked frequency dividers ilfds, work by synchronizing an oscillator with an incident signal. In literature, also many biological locking phenomena are reported, going from pulsing fireflies to our locking to the day and night rhythm niknejad, injection locking, eecs 242 lecture 26, 20. Introduction injection locking il 14 is a phenomenon in which an oscillator becomes phase locked to an external periodic input called the injection signal thus oscillating at the same frequency as the input. Superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers ieee.
When the coupling is strong enough and the frequencies near enough, the second oscillator can capture the first oscillator, causing it to have essentially identical frequency as the second. Injectionlocked frequency dividers superharmonic injectionlocked oscillators ilos can realize frequency dividers faster and lower power than flipflop based dividers injection locking range can be limited. A low phase noise ringvco based pll using injection. This study presents a volterra series approach to analyse injection locked nonharmonic oscillators. Analysis and design of subharmonically injection locked. Our theoretical conclusions are supported by simulations and experimental data. Analysis and design of wideband injection locked ring oscillators with multipleinput injection abstract. A unified model for injectionlocked frequency dividers shwetabh verma, student member, ieee, hamid r. An injection locking scheme for precision quadrature generation. The output frequency of the oscillator may be the input frequency itself, or a submultiple or harmonic of.
Oscillators exhibit frequency division via superharmonic injection. Introduction injection locked oscillators ilos have been used in many wireline receivers because of their simple implementation and instantaneous locking characteristics. A study of superharmonic injection locking in multiband. As an example application, a 48 gbs serializing transmitter is designed in 65nm cmos technology using superharmonic injection locked multipath ring oscillators to. Opl series phase locked oscillators are offered to cover frequency range up to 110 ghz by utilizing high performance fet oscillators, gunn oscillators or multiplieramplifier chain to produce desired frequency and power output. The analysis explains the factors that affect the different performance metrics including the number of phases, oscillation frequency, phase noise, and oscillationmode stability. An analytical framework has been developed to describe the transient behavior of negative resistance injection locked oscillators based on adlers equation. Typically, such devices operate as doppler detectors, in fundamental or in subharmonic mode. Injection locking is equivalent to first order pll and is. A study of locking phenomena in oscillators 1946 by r adler venue. The behavior of phase locked oscillators under injection pulling is also formulated.
A simulation study of injection locked clocking with ring. Injection locking rf and microwave circuits university of. A study of injection locking and pulling in oscillators. Injection locked oscillators track the phase and frequency of. It browses through the development of the injection locking of oscillators with an emphasis on the characterization of injection locked oscillators.
Consequently, subharmonic injection can be used for frequency multiplication the output frequency of the injection locked oscillator is a harmonic of the injected frequency, whereas superharmonic injection. The subharmonic injection locking of harmonic oscillators is investigated. In other words, an injectionlocked oscillator has an average oscillation frequency of. The design of an injection locked frequency divider based on cmos ring oscillators in a 0. Furthermore, an oscillator can be locked to a signal whose frequency equals to a harmonic of the oscillation frequency superharmonic injection or to a subharmonic of the oscillation frequency subharmonic injection. A rigorous graphical technique for predicting subharmonic. Analysis and design of subharmonically injection locked oscillators. High frequency multiphase clock generation using multipath. Nasa technical memorandum 100119 an analytical and experimental study of injectionlocked twoport oscillators kasatc 1001 19 an analyticel and m88 127 27 experieelsbl stuly of injectlcblccked ieopcrt cscillatgbs nasa 39 p cscl o9a unclas 6333 0110412 jon c. Gmsk modulation of subharmonic injection locked oscillators.
Superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low power frequency. A 20 gbs injectionlocked clock and aircc digital library. This paper also introduces an accurate theoretical largesignal analysis for phase domain response pdr of injection locked oscillators ilos. Frequency locking was observed up to the fourth harmonic of the stvo fundamental frequency f 0 in microwave magnetoelectronic measurements. Analytical expressions for the noise performance and the locking band of the divider are derived. When intentionally employed, injection locking provides a means to significantly reduce power consumption and possibly reduce phase noise in comparison to other frequency synthesizer and pll design techniques. This chapter provides an overview of injection locking and its applications in mixedmode signal processing. In this paper, the locking range of the injection locked ring oscillators is investigated. A singleended injectionlocked frequency divider silfd is designed in a 0. Citeseerx superharmonic injection locked oscillators as. It has been shown that injection locking can be used to meet the requirements for fast hopping systems like the mboauwb. In fact, the phase noise is set by the synchronizing sinusoid, whereas locked oscillators produce quadrature outputs and are optimized to drive the mixer lo input capacitances or to improve phase accuracy, with no penalty in spectral purity. Understanding the transient behavior of injection locked.
Ring oscillators with multipleinput injection junchau chien, student member, ieee, and lianghung lu, member, ieee abstractinthis paper, thelocking rangeof the injectionlocked ring oscillators is investigated. Injectionlocking of harmonic oscillators springerlink. Superharmonic injection locking is investigated in a new theoretical approach. Superharmonic injection locking of nanocontact spin. Request pdf on aug 1, 2019, eman salah eldin fahmy and others published a 1. May 18, 2019 this chapter provides an overview of injection locking and its applications in mixedmode signal processing. Mmwave super harmonic injection locked frequency dividers a. Allen center for integrated systems ababcdfghiejkl. With strong optical injection and optimized frequency detuning, we have achieved a very low rf threshold gain of 7db for optoelectronic oscillation. Injection locked gunn diode oscillators high output power moderate gain and bandwidth cw operation frequency up to 110 ghz power amplification local oscillators multiplier drivers subsystems applications ogi series cw injection locked gunn oscillators are alternatives to hemt device and impatt diode based stable. A monolithic 56ghz band receiver, consisting of a differential preamplifier, dual doubly balanced mixers, cascaded injection locked frequency doublers, and a. In self oscillating systems, locking of the oscillators can take place for injected signals close in frequency to nth harmonics of the freerunning frequency. This is the key point making injection locked oscillators attractive. Superharmonic injection locking of single nanocontact nc spintorque vortex oscillators stvos subject to a small microwave current has been explored.
C114 superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low power. Design and analysis of lowpower highfrequency robust. Study of injectionlocked nonharmonic oscillators using. An identity obtained from phase and envelope equations is used to express the requisite oscillator nonlinearity and interpret phase noise reduction. Citeseerx document details isaac councill, lee giles, pradeep teregowda. The framework also naturally accommodates superharmonic injection locked frequency division, subharmonic injection locked frequency multiplication, and the general case of an arbitrary rational relationship between the injection and oscillation frequencies. Injection locked oscillators ilos are investigated in a new theoretical approach. In this paper, we present a simple design for digital phase shift control by using a harmonically injection locked oscillator ilo of 35mhz frequency. In a modernday voltagecontrolled oscillator an injection locking signal may override its lowfrequency control voltage, resulting in loss of control. If the injection signal is an nth superharmonic, then only the intermodulation.
Injection locked frequency dividers superharmonic injection locked oscillators ilos can realize frequency dividers faster and lower power than flipflop based dividers injection locking range can be limited. Lee, member, ieee abstract injection locked oscillators ilos are investigated. The injection locking range is reduced by increasing the oscillator tank circuit q, operating with high tank circuit power and reducing the amplitude of the injected signal. Ring oscillators with multipleinput injection junchau chien, student member, ieee, and lianghung lu, member, ieee abstractinthis paper, thelocking rangeof the injection locked ring oscillators is investigated. Superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers ieee xplore. In the locked state, superharmonic ilos act as frequency dividers, with the dividing factor being the nearest harmonic order of the ilo to the injected signal. Injection locking characteristics of oscillators are derived and a graphical analysis is presented that describes injection pulling in time and frequency domains. Injection locking and injection pulling are the frequency effects that can occur when a harmonic oscillator is disturbed by a second oscillator operating at a nearby frequency.
A firstorder differential equation is derived for the noise dynamics of ilos. Low power frequency dividers are designed using injection locked oscillators with cascode transistors. Injection locked oscillators optoelectronic applications. Nonlinear phase macromodel based simulationdesign of. A unified model for injectionlocked frequency dividers. Analysis and design of subharmonically injection locked oscillators arkosnato neogy and jaijeet roychowdhury department of electrical engineering and computer sciences, university of california at berkeley abstract subharmonic injection locking shil is an interesting phenomenon in nonlinear oscillators that is useful in rf applications. An analytical and experimental study of injectionlocked. Read phase noise characterization of subharmonic injection locked oscillators, international journal of circuit theory and applications on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. The loop adjusts f 1, until oscillation conditions for phase are satisfied for the injected frequency w inj. Center for integrated systems frequency dividers oscillators. Injection locked oscillators optoelectronic applications e. Describes two different mechanism through which injection locking fails.
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