Index terms injection locked oscillator, injection locked phase locked loop, locking range, quadrature, jitter transfer function, voltagecontrolled oscillator vco. Consequently, subharmonic injection can be used for frequency multiplication the output frequency of the injection locked oscillator is a harmonic of the injected frequency, whereas superharmonic injection. A simple phase shifting technique for an injection locked. Injection locking and injection pulling are the frequency effects that can occur when a harmonic oscillator is disturbed by a second oscillator operating at a nearby frequency. Injection locking rf and microwave circuits university of. Analysis and design of wideband injectionlocked ring. Frequency locking was observed up to the fourth harmonic of the stvo fundamental frequency f 0 in microwave magnetoelectronic measurements. Application of subharmonic injection locking of lc. Superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers ieee. Pdf low power current starved subharmonic injection locked. A singleended injection locked frequency divider silfd is designed in a 0. Design and analysis of lowpower highfrequency robust. The beauty of this technique is that it can be used to easily generate analogue frequency division at any frequency at which an amplifier can be designed.
In fact, the phase noise is set by the synchronizing sinusoid, whereas locked oscillators produce quadrature outputs and are optimized to drive the mixer lo input capacitances or to improve phase accuracy, with no penalty in spectral purity. C114 superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low power. Superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers citeseerx. In this paper, we present a simple design for digital phase shift control by using a harmonically injection locked oscillator ilo of 35mhz frequency. Injection locked oscillators track the phase and frequency of. Shil general enough to treat any kind of nonlinearity in lc oscillators. The behavior of phase locked oscillators under injection pulling is also formulated. Understanding injection locking in negativeresistance lc. In particular, adlers analysis predicted that the locking range i. But, too high phase noise, needs to be locked to reference signal. Design insights are provided by using a combination of analytical simplifications and graphical interpretation. It has been shown that injection locking can be used to meet the requirements for fast hopping systems like the mboauwb.
In self oscillating systems, locking of the oscillators can take place for injected signals close in frequency to nth harmonics of the freerunning frequency. A simulation study of injection locked clocking with ring. For example, humans left in isolated bunkers reveal a freerunning sleepwake period of about 25 hours 2, but, when brought back to nature, they are injection locked to the earths cycle. Injection locked oscillators ilos are investigated in a new theoretical approach. Injection locked gunn diode oscillators oscillator outline. The intrinsic relations among the lock range of harmonic oscillators in firstharmonic, superharmonic, and subharmonic injection locking are explored. The subharmonic injection locking of harmonic oscillators is investigated. Mmwave super harmonic injection locked frequency dividers. Dividebyoddnumber injectionlocked frequency dividers. Abstract subharmonic injection locking shil is an interesting phenomenon in.
Injection locked oscillators optoelectronic applications. Describes two different mechanism through which injection locking fails. Injection locking is also known as frequency entrainment or synchronization. Superharmonic injection locking of nanocontact spin. As an example application, a 48 gbs serializing transmitter is designed in 65nm cmos technology using superharmonic injection locked multipath ring oscillators to. Finally, the phase noise of injection locked harmonic oscillators is studied. A 20 gbs injectionlocked clock and aircc digital library. Frequency locking was observed up to the fourth harmonic of the stvo fundamental frequency f 0 in.
Injection locked frequency dividers superharmonic injection locked oscillators ilos can realize frequency dividers faster and lower power than flipflop based dividers injection locking range can be limited. Center for integrated systems frequency dividers oscillators. The divider, which has a division factor of four, can be used as a quadrature generator in a phase switching prescaler considerably lowering the prescaler total power. Allen center for integrated systems ababcdfghiejkl. Introduction injection locked oscillators ilos have been used in many wireline receivers because of their simple implementation and instantaneous locking characteristics.
Ring oscillators with multipleinput injection junchau chien, student member, ieee, and lianghung lu, member, ieee abstractinthis paper, thelocking rangeof the injectionlocked ring oscillators is investigated. Understanding the transient behavior of injection locked. Superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low power frequency dividers. This study presents a volterra series approach to analyse injection locked nonharmonic oscillators. Superharmonic injection locked oscillators are designed as very high frequency and low power frequency dividers. The large frequency tunability of the stvo with respect to f 0 allowed the. Ring oscillators with multipleinput injection junchau chien, student member, ieee, and lianghung lu, member, ieee abstractinthis paper, thelocking rangeof the injection locked ring oscillators is investigated. A firstorder differential equation is derived for the noise dynamics of ilos. Low power frequency dividers are designed using injection locked oscillators.
Betancourtzamora stanford microwave integrated circuits laboratory paul g. Injection locked gunn diode oscillators high output power moderate gain and bandwidth cw operation frequency up to 110 ghz power amplification local oscillators multiplier drivers subsystems applications ogi series cw injection locked gunn oscillators are alternatives to hemt device and impatt diode based stable. Lcoscillator type 2 ringoscillator type 3 verma jssc 2003, rategh jssc 1999 lo cicc 2009 25. The design of an injection locked frequency divider based on cmos ring oscillators in a 0.
Pdf this paper proposes a new current starved ring oscillator based on current mode injection locked frequency multiplier ilfm. May 18, 2019 this chapter provides an overview of injection locking and its applications in mixedmode signal processing. Next 10 superharmonic injection locked frequency dividers by h r rategh, t h lee. An injection locking scheme for precision quadrature. We experimentally investigate the optical and rf characteristics of optically injectionlocked optoelectronic oscillators. In the locked state, superharmonic ilos act as frequency dividers, with the dividing factor being the nearest harmonic order of the ilo to the injected signal. A subharmonic injectionlocked selfoscillating mixer. Injection pulling and locking can occur in any oscillatory system, includinglasers, electrical oscillators, and mechanical and biological machines. Superharmonic injection locking of single nanocontact nc spintorque vortex oscillators stvos subject to a small microwave current has been explored.
We show that by depicting the voltage transfer characteristics of comparators using hyperbolic tangent functions, nonharmonic oscillators can be analysed analytically using a set of volterra circuits that are linear, have the same topology and element values but different inputs. When intentionally employed, injection locking provides a means to significantly reduce power consumption and possibly reduce phase noise in comparison to other frequency synthesizer and pll design techniques. For that reason, these components are also known as injection locked frequency dividers ilfds 12. If the injection signal is an nth superharmonic, then only the intermodulation. Index termsfrequency tripler, injectionlocked oscillators. Lowpower frequency dividers are designed using injection locked oscillators with cascode transistors. Injection locked gunn diode oscillators phase locked oscillators.
Allen center for integrated systems department of electrical engineering. Stvos subject to a small microwave current has been explored. Introduction injection locking il 14 is a phenomenon in which an oscillator becomes phase locked to an external periodic input called the injection signal thus oscillating at the same frequency as the input. Superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers abstract. A study of locking phenomena in oscillators 1946 citeseerx. Nasa technical memorandum 100119 an analytical and experimental study of injectionlocked twoport oscillators kasatc 1001 19 an analyticel and m88 127 27 experieelsbl stuly of injectlcblccked ieopcrt cscillatgbs nasa 39 p cscl o9a unclas 6333 0110412 jon c. Analysis and design of superharmonic injectionlocked. Oscillators exhibit frequency division via superharmonic injection. An analytical and experimental study of injectionlocked.
In literature, also many biological locking phenomena are reported, going from pulsing fireflies to our locking to the day and night rhythm niknejad, injection locking, eecs 242 lecture 26, 20. The analysis explains the factors that affect the different performance metrics including the number of phases, oscillation frequency, phase noise, and oscillationmode stability. Injection locking is equivalent to first order pll and is. The phase noise performance of sub or superharmonic injection locked oscillators is also better compared with freerunning ones. The inserted phaseshift in the loop shifts the oscillation frequency from w 0 to w inj. An injection locking scheme for precision quadrature generation. In other words, an injection locked oscillator has an average oscillation frequency of. Injection locked oscillators optoelectronic applications e. Injection locking characteristics of oscillators are derived and a graphical analysis is presented that describes injection pulling in time and frequency domains. The framework also naturally accommodates superharmonic injection locked frequency division, subharmonic injection locked frequency multiplication, and the general case of an arbitrary rational relationship between the injection and oscillation frequencies. Model 1 adler injection locked oscillators track the phase and frequency of an impressed signal. Analytical expressions for the noise performance and the locking band of the divider are derived. Injectionlocked frequency dividers superharmonic injectionlocked oscillators ilos can realize frequency dividers faster and lower power than flipflop based dividers injection locking range can be limited.
A new model for injection locked oscillators is developed which. Analysis and design of subharmonically injection locked. Furthermore, an oscillator can be locked to a signal whose frequency equals to a harmonic of the oscillation frequency superharmonic injection or to a subharmonic of the oscillation frequency subharmonic injection. A study of locking phenomena in oscillators 1946 by r adler venue. An analytical framework has been developed to describe the transient behavior of negative resistance injection locked oscillators based on adlers equation. Opl series phase locked oscillators are offered to cover frequency range up to 110 ghz by utilizing high performance fet oscillators, gunn oscillators or multiplieramplifier chain to produce desired frequency and power output. Ftl resolves the race condition existing in injection locked plls by decoupling frequency tuning from the injection path, such that the phaselocking condition is only determined by the injection path. The injection locking range is reduced by increasing the oscillator tank circuit q, operating with high tank circuit power and reducing the amplitude of the injected signal. Mmwave super harmonic injection locked frequency dividers a. A rigorous graphical technique for predicting subharmonic. A wideband injection locking scheme and quadrature phase. In a modernday voltagecontrolled oscillator an injection locking signal may override its lowfrequency control voltage, resulting in loss of control. Cmos injection locked oscillators for quadrature generation at radiofrequency. This chapter provides an overview of injection locking and its applications in mixedmode signal processing.
Injectionlocking of harmonic oscillators springerlink. It browses through the development of the injection locking of oscillators with an emphasis on the characterization of injection locked oscillators. A singleended injectionlocked frequency divider silfd is designed in a 0. Design and analysis of cmos subharmonic injectionlocked. Analysis and design of wideband injection locked ring oscillators with multipleinput injection abstract. Citeseerx document details isaac councill, lee giles, pradeep teregowda. As the injection is increased, it begins to pull the oscillator. Superharmonic injection locking is investigated in a new theoretical approach. In this paper, the locking range of the injection locked ring oscillators is investigated. In the first case, the injected frequency is the same as the output frequency, while in the other two the injected frequency is a.
A monolithic 56ghz band receiver, consisting of a differential preamplifier, dual doubly balanced mixers, cascaded injection locked frequency doublers, and a. With strong optical injection and optimized frequency detuning, we have achieved a very low rf threshold gain of 7db for optoelectronic oscillation. A unified model for injectionlocked frequency dividers. Electrical oscillators also influence each other, and even the generation of a laser beam can be injection locked to an accurate reference laser. In subharmonically injection locked oscillators, the frequency of injection signal is 1 n. Superharmonic injectionlocked frequency dividers ieee xplore.
Lee, member, ieee abstract injection locked oscillators ilos are investigated. Request pdf on aug 1, 2019, eman salah eldin fahmy and others published a 1. The loop adjusts f 1, until oscillation conditions for phase are satisfied for the injected frequency w inj. Injectionlocked oscillators ilos are investigated in a new theoretical approach.
An identity obtained from phase and envelope equations is used to express the requisite oscillator nonlinearity and interpret phase noise reduction. Analysis and design of subharmonically injection locked oscillators arkosnato neogy and jaijeet roychowdhury department of electrical engineering and computer sciences, university of california at berkeley abstract subharmonic injection locking shil is an interesting phenomenon in nonlinear oscillators that is useful in rf applications. Understanding the transient behavior of injection locked lc. When the coupling is strong enough and the frequencies near enough, the second oscillator can capture the first oscillator, causing it to have essentially identical frequency as the second. Analysis and design of subharmonically injection locked oscillators. The former is used to lock the oscillators in frequency and phase with the incoming signal, whereas the later is used to generate an amplitude interference pattern. Superharmonic injection locking of single nanocontact nc spintorque vortex oscillators. A study of superharmonic injection locking in multiband. High frequency multiphase clock generation using multipath. Superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low power.
Low power frequency dividers are designed using injection locked oscillators with cascode transistors. The output frequency of the oscillator may be the input frequency itself, or a submultiple or harmonic of. Citeseerx superharmonic injection locked oscillators as. In other words, an injectionlocked oscillator has an average oscillation frequency of. Request pdf analysis and design of superharmonic injectionlocked multipath ring oscillators frequency dividers can be modeled as superharmonic injectionlocked oscillators. Gmsk modulation of subharmonic injection locked oscillators. Read phase noise characterization of subharmonic injection locked oscillators, international journal of circuit theory and applications on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Cmos injection locked oscillators for quadrature generation. Typically, such devices operate as doppler detectors, in fundamental or in subharmonic mode. Our theoretical conclusions are supported by simulations and experimental data. A general theory of injection locking and pulling in. To improve the injection efficiency and the locking range for superharmonic frequency division, a multiple injection technique is proposed. Superharmonic injection locking of nanocontact spintorque.
A study of injection pulling and locking in oscillators. Injection locking theory after injection locking, vinj introduces a simple phaseshift in the oscillator loop. Superharmonic injection locked oscillators as low power frequency. This paper also introduces an accurate theoretical largesignal analysis for phase domain response pdr of injection locked oscillators ilos.
Nonlinear phase macromodel based simulationdesign of. This is the key point making injection locked oscillators attractive. Study of injectionlocked nonharmonic oscillators using. The phase locked oscillators are offered with either internal or external referenced version. A unified model for injectionlocked frequency dividers shwetabh verma, student member, ieee, hamid r. A study of injection locking and pulling in oscillators.
Superharmonic injection locking of a ncstvo may open up possibilities for devices such as nanoscale frequency dividers, while differences in the core trajectory may allow mutual synchronisation to be achieved in multioscillator networks by tuning the spatial character of the dynamics within shared magnetic layers. The third group, injectionlocked frequency dividers ilfds, work by synchronizing an oscillator with an incident signal. Request pdf analysis and design of superharmonic injectionlocked multipath ring oscillators frequency dividers can be modeled as superharmonic injection locked oscillators. Apr 15, 2016 superharmonic injection locking of a ncstvo may open up possibilities for devices such as nanoscale frequency dividers, while differences in the core trajectory may allow mutual synchronisation to be achieved in multioscillator networks by tuning the spatial character of the dynamics within shared magnetic layers. Phase noise characterization of subharmonic injection.
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